The Chinese and Kazakh Languages Comparative Study: Subject-Predicate Sentence Structure

This article compares subject-predicate sentence and subject-predicate-object sentence forms with extended sentence of the Kazakh language. It compares Chinese and Kazakh sentences with subject-predicate sentence structure and studies differences of verb-predicate sentences word order. Detailed comparative study of Chinese and Kazakh language differences and characteristics. Morphology structure of Chinese language belongs to radical language, and Kazakh language belongs to the type of adhesive language, syntax of Chinese and Kazakh Languages in the same syntactic structure often used in different ways, the morphological role in Chinese and Kazakh language is also not the same, and even the same kind of grammatical means in Chinese and Kazakh languages are various. According to the analysis of languages, the different positions of word order, the function of words and grammatical word order are different too. The same syntax is very considerable, and lead to different syntactic structures. Chinese thinking reflects the realities as follows: subject actionobject. It is reflected in the grammatical structure: Subject predicate object. Kazakh thinking reflects the realities as follows: subject object action. It is reflected in the grammatical structure: Subject object predicate. Chinese and Kazakh predicate and object places in a sentence are different, but their dominance relationship is the same.

complement phrase of Chinese complementadjective-predicate sentence of adjective-predicate sentence is a predicate sentence. Because there is no complement in Kazakh language, so-called adjective-predicatecomplement sentence confined in Chinese. Chinese complement of complementadjective-adverbial sentence is generally equivalent to Kazakh adverb. Verbal-predicate sentence of Subject-predicate sentence includes nominalverb-predicate, verb-objectverbpredicate, adjectiveverb-predicate, verb-predicatecompound, verb-predicatecomplement, verb-predicatecombined, in Kazakh the subject is generally has persons, number, tenses morphological changes, while Chinese verbpredicate sentence has no morphological changes. Chinese and Kazakh related in habit of expression and speech. Chinese monosyllabic transitive verb in a sentence generally used with object, if not to add an object, then complement or adverb should be added. Furthermore, Kazakh verb has voice changes, the Chinese do not. The same point in both languages is to master the predicate sentence one should be interested and should develop the skills: according to hierarchy Chinese and Kazakh simple sentence can be the subject-and non-subjectverb-predicate sentence. If to compare the Chinese and Kazakh predicate sentences we will find out that generally the subject is placed in front and the predicate behind, which is common with Chinese and Kazakh sentence, is also essential foundation. Chinese and Kazakh Language predicate sentence can be summarized as Nominalpredicate sentence, adjective-and verb-predicate sentence. Chinese Kazakh non-predicate sentence can be summarized as noun, adjective, verbal and sigh sentence. That shows that the Chinese and Kazakh Language Systems are common. The words of Chinese and Kazakh Language subjectpredicate sentence of nominal sentence correspond to each other. Kazakh nominative single-verb-word sentence is equivalent to Chinese verb-objectverb-predicate sentence. This proves that the predicate sentence of the two languages have the same points as well as different points on the structure and word order.

Method
This article compares Modern Chinese and Kazakh languages predicate sentence structure, mainly using the "two triangle" theory, comparative linguistics theory of Three Levels, full description and summary of the similarities and differences between the two languages, and analyzes their causes. Comparative analysis and systematic analysis of similarities and differences between the two languages -Chinese and Kazakh. We hope that the article will help Chinese-Kazakh bilingual learners and researchers to provide references for further more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of modern Chinese and Kazak subjectverb-predicate sentence structure, and foreign language teaching.

Results
Kazakh language has SVO-type word order. Its syntactic structure is subject, object, adverb and the other parts of sentence are before the predicate verb sentence, the syntactic structure of subject, object, adverb, and other components of syntactic predicate to form multicomponent identity of word order, so to distinguish between the different components of syntax you need to rely on function words and symbols (signs). Various syntactic elements have relatively fixed mark, so the word order is more flexible. Regardless of how word order changes the subject and predicate position will not change. The subject of Kazakh passive sentences as well as Chinese is the recipient, but the doer generally does not appear, the verb is dynamic. The doer must appear with a special particle and case. Different ethnic languages have different ways of conceptualizing. Kazakh verb conceptualization is more complex, rich, and has relatively simple expression syntax. Chinese verb conceptualization distinctive personality, conceptualization of an action is relatively simple, does not consider the direction, location, results and other factors, so when there is a need to express direction, location, results, etc. in a sentence it is needed the help of other words meaning the concept of supplements, grammar expressions and unlike Kazakh language is much more complex. Chinese and Kazakh subject-predicate structure comparative study discusses every aspect of the subject-predicate sentence. Grammarians have certain criteria to determine the scope of subject-predicate sentence ranges: Sentence statistical and teaching factors research.
Non-verb-object sentence Huang Borong, Liao Xudong in his book "Xiandai Hanyu" 2004 updated third edition (Huazhong shifn daxue chuban) argues that the subject-predicate sentence is made of two parts the subject and predicate. (Subject-verb phrase is the basic element of the sentence). For example: He came. Depending on the predicate sentences, subject-verb sentences can be divided into noun-predicate and verb-predicate sentences (including serial-verb, general-part, double object sentences, '把' sentence, '被' sentence, existential sentence) predicate adjective sentence, predicate sentence.
According to the structure relation of sentences:

Discussion
Kazakh language is a part of Altai Turkic language family, Chinese language belong to the Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese grammar is invisible, Kazakh syntax is visible. Chinese grammar is inseparable from semantics, but Kazakh-based form. Parsing can be completely out of the semantic relationships. Structure figured out, figured out the meaning of a sentence. Its analysis is the process of "structure -semantics"; and each component of Chinese no morphological markers, should only start from the semantic segmentation, sentence structure is the result of semantic analysis. Its analysis is the process of "semantic -structure." Analysis of the verb that statement is also true. As previously mentioned, Kazakh verb suffix plus various additional components can express person, number, type, time, body etc. grammatical meaning. Word phrases and sentences boundaries at a glance. For example: Бар -(go) is this word; Мектепке бару (go to school) is a phrase; Мектепке бардым. (I went to school.) Is a sentence. "Бар" in phrases and sentences in both morphological changes. The Chinese "go" no change, only by semantic and other sentence elements to determine its structural relationship. So in Chinese "means of synthesis" are important, and in Kazakh "form of synthesis" are important. Han ethnic important thinking "parataxis" important thought Kazak "perception". When expressed in Chinese often give listeners and readers to leave room for his insight, and Kazakh must be clearly represented. Kazak people to learn Chinese language between Chinese and Kazakh languages psychological differences bringing difficulties.

Comparison of Chinese and Kazakh subject-predicate sentence
Kazakh language is a part of Altai Turkic language family, Chinese language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family. Chinese grammar is invisible, Kazakh grammar is visible. Chinese grammar is inseparable from semantics, and Kazakh is based on form. Parsing can be completely out of the semantic relationships. If the structure is figured out, than the meaning of a sentence is also figured out. Its analysis the process of "structure -semantics"; and each component of Chinese has no morphological markers, it should be only started from the semantic segmentation, and sentence structure is the result of semantic analysis. Its analysis the process of "semantic -structure." Analysis of the verb should be made the same way. As previously mentioned, Kazakh verb suffix plus various additional components can express person, number, type, time, body etc. grammatical meaning. Phrases and sentences boundary can be noticed at a glance. For example: Бар -(go) is a word; Мектепке бару (去学校/go to school) is a phrase; Мектепке бардым. (我去学校了/I went to school) is a sentence. "Бар" has morphological changes in both phrases and sentences. The Chinese "去" (go) has no changes, only by semantic and other sentence elements its structural relationship can be determined. So the important criteria in Chinese is "identity of the meaning", and in Kazakh is "identity of the form." Thus for Han ethnic important is "parataxis", for Kazakhs -"perception". In Chinese listeners and readers are often given a chance to understand the expression by themselves, and in Kazakh they must clearly understand it. Psychological differences between Chinese and Kazakh languages bring greater difficulties to Kazakhs who learn Chinese.

The same points of Chinese -Kazakh subject-predicative sentence
Chinese and Kazakh languages belong to two different types of language, in the structure type Chinese and Kazakh have their own characteristics. Morphological structure of Chinese belongs to the radical language, and of Kazakh language belongs to the adhesive type o language on, therefore, Chinese and Kazakh languages grammar tools often are used differently in the same syntactic structure, Chinese emphasis on the use of words and word order function, such as grammatical tools, the Kazakh tools mostly use forms. The same grammatical role in Chinese and Kazakh language tools also of different sizes, and even the same kind of grammatical tools specific manifestations in Chinese and Kazakh languages are not the same. In the analysis of the language, the role of word order is very important, appearing in different locations each grammatical unit will lead to different syntactic structures. In the form of well-developed language, various syntactic relationship depends mainly on word to represent morphological changes, the role of word order is different. Because of different ethnic cultures, their points of view and reactions are varying considerably. Therefore, the nation-specific plays a big role in thinking and reflecting on the reality. Han ethnic sequence element reflecting: subject -behavior -guest. It is reflected in the grammatical structure: Subject -predicate -object. Kazakh thinking reaction sequence elements of reality is: subject -object -behavior. It is reflected in the grammatical structure: subject -object -predicate. Chinese and Kazakh verb and object word orders are different, but their dominance relationship is the same. Therefore it remains to be the same structure as the comparison. Chinese and Kazakh language simple sentence structure has roughly the same classification, the simple sentence formed by the main component that is the basic sentence; in Kazakh it is called an Non-extended sentence. In addition except the main component there is also other minor component of a simple sentence that is extended sentence and in Kazakh language it also called extended sentence. A sentence include subject variable, and only when the predicate variable is able to confirm the subject it is called the indefinite-personal sentence. There is no exact Person Subject, the person cannot be seen from the Personal predicate form, or, though logical subject, and the predicate does not complex with personal sentence, but with impersonal sentence. The subject of this sentence is difficult to find. Complete sentence: the complete sentence includes all the related to each other components making a sentence, the sentence doesn't divide into primary and secondary sentence components. Sentence elements compose complete sentences. Incomplete sentence: the incomplete sentence does not include all the related components, but there is a sentence with omitted component. Sentence elements compose incomplete sentences. This sentence contains the command, calling, complementary fragments and sigh fragments.
(1) Chinese and Kazakh Simple Sentence with its main structural levels can be described as subject-predicate sentence and Non-Predication Sentence. If to compare the Chinese and Kazakh language subject-predicate sentence some peculiarities can be found out, such as subject stays before predicate which is common in Chinese and Kazakh sentence and is very essential as well.
(2) Chinese and Kazakh language subject-predicate sentence are nominal-predicate sentence, adjective-predicate sentence and verb-predicate sentence.
(3) Chinese and Kazakh language non-predication sentence are noun sentence, adjective sentence, verb sentence and exclamation sentence.
These constitute the common points in Chinese and Kazakh Language Systems.
(4) Chinese and Kazakh Language the One -Word/ Phrase nominal-predicate sentence of the subject-predicate sentence are mostly correspond to each other. Kazakh nominative form of The One -Word/ Phrase nominal-predicate sentence is equal to Chinese verb-object-verb-predicate sentence. For example: 他父亲是医生。Оның әкесі дәрігер．His father is a doctor.
(6) The verb-predicate sentences in Chinese and Kazakh Language subject-predicate sentences basically are the same. Where Chinese and Kazakh Language single word verb predicate sentence, combined predicate sentence, and other Chinese and Kazakh sentences are corresponded basically. For example: 柳条动了。Талдар қозғалды．Trees on the move. 刮风了。Жел тұрды．The wind blew 我看电影了。Мен кино көрдім．I have seen the movie. 她姓赵。Оның фамиласы Жау．Her surname is Zhao.
(7) Chinese and Kazakh language non-predication sentences are the same not only in sentence form, format, definition, and concept, but also in classification of terms.  (8) The classification of meaning of Chinese and Kazakh simple sentence is basically the same, Chinese and Kazakh sentence is divided according to the meaning and tone of the sentence into declarative, imperative sentences, exclamatory and interrogative, and all these sentences correspond to each other. Among them the right-wrong question, special question, elective question, positive-negative question (rhetorical) and other types of questions that correspond to each other.

Difference between Chinese and Kazakh subject-predicate sentences
Chinese and Kazakh grammar rules are different, Chinese grammar uses structural words and word orders, and Kazakh grammar uses morphology more. The grammatical role of the means that are used in Chinese and Kazakh languages also are different, and even the same kind of grammatical means of Chinese and Kazakh languages are not the same. In the analysis of the language, the role of word order is very important, each grammatical unit is appearing in different locations, and it will lead to different syntactic structures. In the form of well-developed language, various syntactic relationships depends mainly on word to represent morphological changes, the role of word order is unlikely. The word order of Chinese and Kazakh verb and object is different, but their dominance relationship is the same. For example: 1. 他//正在干家务活儿。 "Ол үй шаруасын істеуде. He was doing housework. Direct translation: 他//家务活儿干"。 He//housework//doing. The example shows us that: location of Kazakh and Chinese predicate simply not the same, so one should give the example to the non-native speakers of Chinese and Kazakh students, when they translate sentences wrong. Comparative study on the subject of two languages at the beginning should be so, therefore, because the two types of languages Chinese and Kazakh are different, so the same definitions of grammatical unit of two languages or the actual content of a sentence is not exactly the same, its manifestations and grammatical functions have difference. If we compare the way of study and structural interpretation, we can explain the common specific differences that were mentioned above.
(1) The subject-predicate sentence of Kazakh nominal predicate sentence has nominative and non-nominative case difference, but Chinese sentence does not have such difference. Kazakh nominative forms of independent body of predicate sentences are most equal to Chinese verb-object-verb-predicate sentence. For example: Оның шешесі мұғалім. 他的母亲是老师。 His mother is a teacher. Бұл менің кітабім．这本书是我的。This book is mine.Бұл доп оныкы.这个球是他的。The ball is his.
If the predicate of non-nominative the One -Word/ Phrase nominal predicate sentence the word with time and from, it is the equivalent of Chinese verb-object-verb-predicate sentence. For example: Ол мектепте．他在学校。 He is at school. Ол үйде.他在家。He is at home. Ол кітапханада.他在图书馆。 He is in library. Ол әмбебап дүкенінде.他在超市。He is at supermarket.
(2) The adjective predicate sentence of subject-predicate sentence includes the One -Word/ Phrase adjective predicate sentence, adverbial-verb adjective predicate sentence, conjunctive-adjective predicate sentence and Supplement adjective predicate sentence.
Adjective in Chinese has no "class" changes. If the indication degree is different, adjective can be set before the reduplication degree or adverb degree before adjective. The Kazakh adjectives The "level" changes. For example: 他写的好一些。 He wrote better. Оның жазуы жақсырақ.
Most of adverbial clauses of Chinese adverbial-verb adjective predicate sentence play role of adverb, followed by a prepositional phrase and particle; Most of adverbial clauses of Kazakh adverbial-verb adjective predicate sentence play role of non-nominative nouns, followed by adverbs and postposition phrases. Therefore, the Kazakh non-nominative adverbial-verb adjective predicate sentence is generally equal to the Chinese verb-predicate sentence.
Аудиторяда адам көп.教室里好多人。There is a lot of people in the classroom. Ол жас.他是年轻人。He is a young man.
The attribute or adverb of Kazakh sentences above can equal to the Chinese subject, Kazakh subject is equivalent to the Chinese object. Such sentences of Chinese and Kazakh have a great difference, which is related to the nature of the predicate, because Kazakh predicate can play role of adjective only with adverb, while Chinese predicate is a verb only with object. For example: Шымкент Атыраудан үлкен．石姆肯图市比阿特劳市大。Shymkent is bigger than Atyrau Бүгінгі ауарай кешегіден жақсы. 今天的天气比昨天好。Today the weather is better than yesterday.
(3)Chinese Supplement adjective predicate sentence of subject-predicate sentences is a sentence with adjectival supplement phrase as a predicate. 我们能超越自己。Біз бәрін жеңеміз. We will be victorious 他恳求走慢点。Ол ақырын жүруді талап етті. She demanded to go slowly.
For comparison we can see, the Chinese verb-object relationship reflects by means of word order: So the nominal which stays after predicate usually play role of object. The Kazakh object generally has morphological marks of objective case "на \ ни, да \ ди, та \ ти, н" verb-object relationship which can be embodied by morphology. Kazakh verb-object-verbpredicate sentence relationship is clear at a glance, subject generally is the actor, object is recipient (of action) of Even sentence and has no object mark, actor-recipient relation is still very clear. This is the difference of Chinese from Kazakh. For example: Мен кино көрдім．我看电影了。I watched a movie Ол хат жазды．他写信了。He wrote a letter Ол ұйықтады. 他睡觉了。He slept.
Досым емханада жатыр. 朋友住院了。My friend is in the hospital Әкем жұмысқа шықты. 爸爸上班了。My father went to wok (6) Chinese and Kazakh adverbial-verb verb-predicate sentence in the syntactic structure of sentences has similarities and differences. The similarity is that Kazakh and Chinese both has adverb in the beginning of a sentence, and the adverb generally is time, place and location. The difference is that Kazakh word order of verb-object structure is different from Chinese, the position of the adverb also has differences. For example: Today we visited the industry exhibition. 我们今天参观了工业展览。 (adverb 一 subject 一 predicate 一 object) Біз бүгін өнер кәсіпті тамашаладық. (subject 一 object 一 adverb 一 predicate) Yesterday we watched the videos. 我们昨天观看了宣传片。Біз кеше үгіт филімін көрдік.
"不、没、别"adverbial words serve as Chinese adverb in the negative adverbial-verb verb-predicate sentence, and modify the verb in the sentence. The Kazakh negative meaning entirely rely on verb stem decorated with negative words. For example: 我不去。Мен бармаймын. I will not go.
我的衣服掉色了。Біздің киімнің өңі түсіп кетті. Our clothes lost colors 我们可以成功的。Біз табысқа жетеміз. We will succeed (8) Chinese has Sentence with verbs in series, Kazakh has no such sentence. Kazakh every simple sentence has verb with personal predicate. This verb is the predicate of the sentence. If there is some other verb in the sentence, it doesn't change forms, but gerund, participle and cover all are impersonal verbs. Although this parts and the subject have a direct relationship, because there is no reflected in the form, the predicate form can't be structured, therefore is not a predicate of a sentence, and Kazakh simple sentence generally has only one verbal predicate. The Chinese has no morphological marks, the verb is often set in a raw form, and thus a simple sentence often has several verbal predicates. Chinese verb-predicate Sentence with verbs in series is generally equivalent to Kazakh adverbial-verb verb-predicate sentence. For example: 群众听了很满意。Көпшілік естіп риза болды. People satisfied with what they heard 我们坐车去。Біз машинамен барамыз.We will go by car.
这事叫人震惊。Бұл іс адамды шошытады. This thing is shocking 你不要再让老师说了。Сен мұғалімді тағы мазалама. Do not bother the teacher anymore (10) Kazakh tethered verb-predicate sentence immediately constituents to a tethered component, and the other is formulating component, structure order is generally as follows: formulating component set before tethered component. Kazakh tethered component act as copula linking verb "еді, екен, емес, бол, кел" and etc. Chinese has no tethered verb-predicate sentence.
There are some Kazakh tethered verb-predicate sentence equals to Chinese adjective-predicate sentence. For example: Асқардың үйренуі жақсы．阿斯哈尔的学习好。Askhar is studying well.
Дыбысы керемет. 歌声很动听。One is singing very well Тұрмыс өте тамаша. 日子很红火。Life is wonderful (11) The predicate of a sentence with a subject-predicate phrase as predicate is generally has four types of phrases, such as substantive, adjective, verbal and subject-predicative phrases. The Kazakh Predicate predicate of a sentence with a subject-predicate phrase as predicate is generally has three types of phrases, such as substantive, adjective and verbal phrases. Chinese predicate Kazakh is equivalent to verb-object verb-predicate sentence. For example: Менің айтып отырғаным сөз бір құлақ екі. 我所强调的是好话只说一遍。 I have to emphasize that only good things to say again.
(12) The head driven phrase of Kazakh Non-Predication Sentence according to the nature of can be divided into noun sentence, adjective sentence, verb sentence and exclamation sentence. The main difference between two types of sentences is: attribute of Chinese noun and adjective sentences should be used with "的", and Kazakh language beside speech means grammar, generally has the head driven phrase changes, using morphological means. For example: 在你的国家。Сіздің еліңізде．In your country.
The ways of constructing phrases in both languages are different: (verb-predicate sentence as subject) Overall, the position of core predicate in the two languages is different. Their word order as follows: subject -predicate -object. Kazakh: subject -object -predicate. 4.1.3 Chinese and Kazakh word order in verbal predicate sentence.
The main difference between Chinese and Kazakh word order in verbal predicate sentence (1) The general word order in verbal predicate sentence Chinese is a SVO-type of language, its morphological markers system is relatively simple, mainly by means of analytical represent various grammatical categories. The subject and adverb are set before predicate, the object and complement -after predicate. The basic components of the sentence is clear due to the word order, there is no need in a special tag to represent their semantic roles: (Attribute) -subject -[adverb] -verbal predicate -(attribute) -object -(complement), = SVO. For example: 咱们一顺便一问候一一下一她一吧! (subject-adverb-verb-complement-object) Let us question her! Kazakh is a SOV-type language, there are more complex forms of the marking system. It is marked by a variety of means to form grammatical category. The parts related to verbal predicate are set before the verb. The suffix with grammatical meaning of verb. Sometimes when a topic is needed to be changed, object might be set before subject, it will not cause misunderstanding. Because accusative marker has demonstrated its semantic roles. Subject can be hidden by person and number, and can be set after verbal suffix: (attribute) -subject -(attribute) -object -[adverb] -verbal predicate = SOV. For example: Мен-белімді-белбеумен-тартып-буындым. (subject-object-adverb-adverb-verb) I tied up the belt (2) A special word order in verbal predicate sentence When a speaker wants to achieve a certain effect of expression, often makes changes in word order, or omits certain components of them. There are several changes in the case of word order: 1. Omission: Omission occurs in provincial dialogue context. Omission requires language to be understandable; otherwise it will cause the wrong sentence. Chinese and Kazakh omission of predicate, object, attribute, adverb is basically the same. But the omission of the subject varies. Because of the absence of it in Chinese, statement cannot omit the subject; and Kazakh verb-predicate sentence can be omitted from the first and second person pronouns serving as the subject. For example: 我明天去阿斯塔纳。--*明天去阿斯塔纳。 Мен ертең Астанаға кетемін．--Ертең Астана жаққа кетемін． 我明天阿斯塔纳我去--明天阿斯塔纳我去 I will go to Astana tomorrow -Tomorrow to Astana I will go 你明天去阿斯塔纳。--*明天去阿斯塔纳。 Сен ертең Астанаға кетесін．--Ертең Астана жаққа кетесің．
Сіз қанша жасқа келдіңіз--Қанша жасқа келдіңіз? 您多少岁到 --多少岁您到 How old are you? -How many years you come to? 我们一定要把你们的经验带回去。--*一定要把你们的经验带回去。 Біз сіздердің тәжирбиелеріңізді алып бара жатырмыз. 我们你们的 把经验 --向我们自己地方拿回去 We will use your experience -We your experience will take with us Kazakh is an agglutinative language. Such additional components as person, number, body, state, or time can be added after the verb, and the person, the number is consistent with the subject. First, when the second person pronoun serves as subject verbal suffix is set after verbal predicate, thus verb serves as subject-person. Therefore, even if there is no adverbial modifier, it can be indicated with verbal predicate suffix. When the third person pronoun serves as subject, though it may also be indicated with verbal suffix, but in the case of the absence of the prefix and ending, the omission of the third person subject can cause misunderstanding. Therefore, the third person subject cannot be omitted. Chinese verb predicate has no morphological changes, cannot clearly show an action of the main body, thus in the case of the absence of the prefix and ending, the omission of the subject is impossible. For example: 叶尔咩克看见一个人从对面走过来了。 Ермек қарсы алдынан бір кісінің келе жатқанын көрді． Ermek saw a man coming up from the opposite. 叶尔咩克从对面 一个人的 把正走过来看见。 *Қарсы алдында бір кісінің келе жатқанын көрдім.

从对面一个人的 把正走过来 看见
From the opposite a man coming up I saw 2. Inversion: Inversion is inverting the original word order to enhance heightened effect, with strong tone and pause added in the middle.
(1) The subject-predicate inversion: predicate is placed before subject. Both Chinese and Kazakh have this form, and generally correspond. For example: 真苦啊，这个。 Ашты екен，мынау． This is really bitter