Grammatical Means of Temporality Expression in Translation

Creation problem of model of grammatical means of temporality expression in translation from English into Kazakh and Russian languages is considered in the article. At a choice of translation of transformations of aspectual-temporal categories of a verb from English into Kazakh and Russian languages it is considered not only grammatical compliance of categories of tense, but also the contextual use of a functional and semantic field of verbs, comparison of lexical temporality with positions of concepts, specific to each language world picture, with positions of modern philosophy and logic of language. Authors come to a conclusion that productive use of analytical forms in the Kazakh and English languages is the result of structural features of categories of tense and a type of English and Kazakh languages. Comparison of a phase of actions of a verb in English and Kazakh languages allows creation of reference model of grammatical means of expression of temporality in translation from English into Kazakh and Russian languages on the basis of a functional and semantic field of verbs, comparison of lexical temporality from positions specific on each language picture of the world.


Introduction
Problems of temporal process and its functional and semantic field (FSF) are considered in the majority of works traditionally in the Russian linguistics.In works of such scientists as A. V. Bondarko (Bondarko, 1971), I.R.Galperina, Dean Vort, E.I.Shendels, Z.Ya.Turayeva, G. A. Zolotova, I.O.Moskalskaia, Z.K.Akhmetzhanova, N. G. Shaymerdinova, the category of temporality is considered not as complete system, and as the separate internal forms that have lexical, morphological and syntactic indicators.
The morphological means of temporality expression in English are multifunctional in comparison with those devices, that serve space expression.(Merkibayev, 2013) It is known that the main indicator of temporality is grammatical forms of tense category.Therefore most of linguists use the term "temporality" only in the grammatical key.Besides the language connection with tense has also the lexical plan of expression.In this key A.P.Klimenko, L. V. Vyalkina, A. I. Moiseyev's works are performed.In the existing works temporal LSP and LSG are considered (A.Kh.Askarova, Yu.N.Karaulov, V. V. Morkovkin, N. A. Potayenko, N. K. Ryabtseva, E.S.Yakovleva, M. A. Krongauz, G. V. Zvezdova, L. N. Mikheyeva, S. M. Belyakova, etc.).
However category meaning temporality is learned not only in morphological, and lexical, but also in complete language substantial aspect.The analysis of modern works on problems of temporality and tense, allows to define a number of directions researching this problem: -a problem of lexical temporality from the position of concepts, specific on each language picture of the world (A.-phylogenesis of tense idea (V. A. Plungyan, E.V.Paducheva); -cognitive potentialities of time for structuring and discretization of the world (N.D.Arutyunova, T. I. Vendina, M. V. Nikitin, etc.); -space-time polysemy (M. A. Krongauz); -semiotics aspect of time perception (U.M.Lotman, B. M. Gasparov, T. V. Toporova); -the concept of translation of tense forms in Russian, Kazakh and English languages (E.V.Breus, V.D. Arakin of (Arakin 1979), I.P. Ivanova, L.S. Barkhudarov (Barkhudarov, 1975), S. S. Zhabayeva (Zhabayeva et al., 2012), F.T.Erekhanova (Erekhanova, 2010), etc.
Thus, the principle of temporality category studying and tense is carried out in their system and functional (cognitive, communicative, ethnocultural, social, etc.) communications.
In the modern theory of linguistics the problem of tense and temporality finds the relevance along with many other most actual concepts of philology, considers these concepts from positions of modern philosophy and logic of language (Gak, 1997).
The analysis of modern directions of philology shows that a number of works are executed in the course of "Language and time".So, V. S. Yurchenko, considering concepts of temporality and time from linguistic philosophical positions considers that the concept of time stratifies "three primary elements of predicative structure (subject -predicatequantitative) locate on a syntagmatic or horizontal axis of the sentence, an adequate linear axis of time"; meanwhile in other paradigmatic plan, and also in internal development of the sentence, time is thought in the plan "earlier -later" (Iurchenko, 1997).
Famous linguists and literary critics by consideration of temporality category use the scientific method that allows to define not internal crushing of this phenomenon, and make the profound analysis of substantial structure of both real/unreal, and artistic time continuum.
Not incidentally, famous American, Kazakhstan and Russian scientists, such as E.D.Suleymenova, L.S. Barkhudarov (Barkhudarov, 1975), V. V. Gurevich (Gurevich, 2004), L.S. Barkhudarov (Barkhudarov, 1975) claim that the category of temporality has broader aspect.As categories of temporality and time are transferred by the vision of the world, knowledge of the person that caused by language.
The most important for tense expression are means of lexicon, in the plan of grammar personal forms of the verb are the center temporality form.(Zhanabekova, 2010).

Methods
Researches were conducted on the basis of two leading higher education institutions of the Southern region of Kazakhstan -the Kazakh national pedagogical university named after Abai (KAZNPU named after Abai), Taraz state teacher training institute (TarGPI) and Kazakh national university named after al-Farabi (KazNU).
The work purpose is definition of grammatical means of temporality expression in the translation from English into Kazakh and Russian languages.
In order to define the temporality it is necessary to know the term the functional and semantic pole is the part of functional grammar; means of various levels of language, and also the combined language means interacting on the basis of community of their semantic functions which is based on a certain semantic category.(Akynova 2010) The Main objectives: -the analysis of a translation choice of transformations of aspect and tense of a verb in the considered languages; -comparison of actions phase of a verb in English, Russian and Kazakh languages.
Work result -creation of model of grammatical means of expression of temporality in the translation from English into Kazakh and Russian languages on the basis of functional and semantic field of verbs, comparison of lexical temporality from positions specific to each language picture of the world.
Teachers and students of educational programs "The Kazakh language and literature" and "Russian language and literature" of Kazakh national pedagogical university named after Abay, Taraz state teacher training institute and Kazakh national university named after al-Farabi took part in research.
For comparison of grammatical means of temporality expression in the translation from English into the Kazakh and Russian languages methods of the analysis of a functional and semantic field of verbs, comparisons of a lexical temporality from positions of concepts, specific to every language picture of world, from positions of modern philosophy and logic of language were used.
Temporary localization is a fixing of described events on a timebase where account point serves the speech moment.(Merkibayev, 2016).

Results
1.1.At Kazakh national university named after Abay, Taraz state teacher training institute and Kazakh national university named after al-Farabi the leading linguists carry out work on creation of model of grammatical means of temporality expression in the translation from English into Kazakh and Russian languages.
Discrepancies in grammatical structures of tense category of English, Russian and Kazakh languages in a literary translation demand consideration of semantics, syntactics and pragmatics of language expressions of source language and language of the purpose.
Sometimes temporary forms can be used not in the literal meanings.So, the present form (simple or progressive) can designate action which is expected in the future (When does your train leave?;Where are you going for a holiday?) or happened in the past.In the last case the present historical" is used "(it is called Historical Present) for which the image of a number of last actions in a consecutive chain is the characteristic (Suddenly John comes in and says = came and said).Some verbs in the form of the present can also designate and one separate event in the past; I forget when it was (= I have forgotten); You simply astonish me (=you have astonished me); John says it's interesting (= John said).There are contexts in which the present form hasn`t got any relations to any concrete temporal plan at all.It is usually connected with existence of the hidden modal values: Do you speak French?(= can you speak?);I tell you it's true!(= I wish to tell you); I give you a warning!(= I want this to be a warning to you); Why don't you tell me the truth?(= why don't you want to tell me?).
Besides actually temporary forms stated above the English verb possesses four more special forms -simple, progressive, perfect and perfect-progressive which are treated by different authors either as specific or as temporal (Arakin, 1979;Barkhudarov, 1975;Gurevich, 2004).
In the Kazakh language the transitional present and transitional future tense have the identical endings -a, -e, -i and differ only in the contextual use.For example: Kus ushady -the Bird flies.Ozen agady -the River flows, these actions of regular character are perceived as the transitional present, and Men baramyn -I will go, Men erten ushamyn -I will fly tomorrow -the action is instantaneous will be perceived as imperfect.Time markers erten (tomorrow), azanda (in the morning), keshke (in the evening), etc. concretize action performance of time.
Verbs in Russian can have the form of perfective aspect (Perfective aspect) designating the finished action (sdelat, napisat, rasskazat (to do, to write, to tell)), or the form of imperfective aspect (Imperfective aspect) designating the incomplete, lasting process (delat, pisat, rasskazyvat (to do, to write, to tell)).Perfective aspect have only those verbs which contain a component of "limitation of action" meaning (termination of the action), i.e. the beginning or the end of some state: so, priti means " to move towards a specified person or place", uiti = "to be away", priobresti -"to be capable of purchasing", -poteriat "to part with or come to be without", sozdat = "to cause to come into existence",unichtozhit "to put an end to", etc.Many limiting verbs in Russian form an aspectual pair (delat -sdelat (to do), pisatnapisat (to write), stroit -postroit (to build), skazat -raskazat (to tell), which members have an identical lexical meaning and differ only by grammatical (aspectual) meaning, i.e. represent forms of a verb.(Utepbergeva 2014).
1.2.The cases of use of such verbs which are found nevertheless in a progressive form testify to certain shifts or in the maintenance of a verbal form, or in a lexical meaning of a verb.In particular, the progressive form of verbs which is not continuous (get, lose, come, arrive, finish, begin, etc.) cannot express process, but modal meaning -"expectancy, planning" actions in the close future: He is coming back tomorrow; I am buying a new house; The concert is beginning.If the progressive form is used in its direct meaning, in the maintenance of non-progressive verb the contextual (situational) growing of some component giving to action nature of the lasting process, as a rule, it is found out: this component puts into the accented (rhematic) part of the meaning, pushing aside major importance of a verb on the background (in a presuppozition, a topic).(Zolotova, 1998).
The Perfect and Progressive form (Perfect Continuous/Perfect Progressive) designates action duration during some period preceding some moment in real, past or future (He has been working all day today; He has been working long by that time; He will have been working long by some future moment).The same meaning can be expressed and noneprogressive perfect form of verbs which is nott allowed a progressive form: We have known each other for many years; I have been here since morning.If the verb allows the use in all four forms, actually perfect form usually differs from progressive and perfect by that emphasizes completeness of the temporary period till the specified moment (We have worked enough, let us have a rest = worked already enough) whereas perfect and progressive usually means that this period still proceeds at this moment (We have been working since morning = we work).
1.3.It is easy to see that three difficult verbal forms (perfect, progressive and perfect and progressive) always express correlation to some moment: the progressive form designates simultaneity to the specified moment (He is sleeping now; He was sleeping when I came), perfect -precedence to the specified moment (He has arrived -action happened before the speech moment; We have known each other for a long time -action lasts during some period preceding the speech moment), perfect and progressive indicates coverage of some period preceding the allocated moment (He has been sleeping for some time).The simple form does not correlate action to any specially allocated moment: it is used for designation of one separate action which is not compared with others (He worked long yesterday), for designation of sequence of actions (I came, I saw, I conquered); in the latter case a number of the "equal" moments following one after another from which it is impossible to allocate one special "the correlation moment" is set.Thus, need of the use of "difficult" aspectual-temporal forms of a verb arises only when the consecutive chain of events at some point is broken off, stops; cf.He entered the flat, looked into the dining-room and saw (here the consecutive chain of actions comes to an end in this connection further there are difficult forms) that the guests had gone and Mother was clearing the table.
Using A.I. Smirnitsky`s term (Smirnitski, 1959), it is possible to characterize all group of four verbal forms as category of "temporary correlation", as peculiar relative time (relative time).The difficult verbal forms entering this category indicate correlation of action to some allocated moment (simultaneity, precedence to this moment or coverage of the period of time up to this moment), and the simple (indefinite) form does not contain such instruction (it is not marked, neutral on this sign in any way).Aspectual meanings of "completeness (productivity)" and "incompleteness (duration)" of action can be imposed only in addition on major importance of all four forms depending on a context and from features of a lexical meaning of a verb.Thus unmarked, semantic "empty" indefinite form in a certain context can express the same aspectual meanings, as each of difficult forms, and, therefore, according to aspectual characteristics in general is not opposed to other forms.
We shall pay attention to the result of existence of special forms of "temporary correlation" of action in English two duplicating each other ways to designate action in the past: simple form of past and form of perfect of the present tense.
The term moment of speech the main base in differentiation of tenses from each other.(Zhanabekova, 2013).
1.4.As in Russian of category of a verbal aspect and grammatical gender of nouns cannot remain expressed, when translating the sentence I met worker yesterday it is necessary to make a choice between fstretil and fstrechal on the one hand, and between male worker and female worker on the other hand.In the translation into the Kazakh language of this sentence there is no such difficulty as the structure of category of tense of the Kazakh and English languages is closer, but not absolutely identical -Men jumyskerdi keshe zholyktyrdym.In the Kazakh language there is no gender category therefore male worker or female worker is expressed only zhumysker (worker).Obvious past tense in the Kazakh language corresponds to Past Indefinite in English.
In the back translation into English Ia fstretil rabotnika fchera (I met the worker yesterday) additional information as Russian translation of this phrase doesn't give the answer that is required, whether this worker is already employed or not (perfect or simple tense), whether there was this worker certain or unknown (a definite or indefinite article).In the Kazakh language there is also no category of an article therefore for definition of the specific personal pronouns of osy (this) sol would be used (that,).(Vsevolodova, 1975).
As information which English, Russian and Kazakh grammatical structures demand, is not identical, we have two absolutely different sets of situations with possibility of this or that choice therefore the chain of the translations of the same sentence from English into Russian and from Russian into English can lead to a total distortion of initial meaning of sentence (Iacobson 1985, 365).
The Kazakh language, being agglutinative language, i.e. language in which word formation and word change is carried out by means of the affixes joining a basis, widely uses and it is given by analytical methods of expressions of various grammatical concepts (Mamanov 2007) These analytical receptions in expression of various grammatical meanings of a verb are especially widely used: aspect, mood, tense, etc.
In the Kazakh language a form of time of a verb is constructed by accession to participles and adverbial participles of personal endings and express the action relation by the time of the speech.Affixes of an adverbial participle and a participle serve as grammatical indicators of tense, and personal endings -indicators of the person.For example: jazamyn -budu pisat -shall write, jazasyn -budesh pisat -will write, jazady -budet pisat -will write.Jazganmyn -ia napisal, jazgansyn -ty napisal, jazgan -on napisal.Jazarmyn -naverno napishu -I should write, jazarsyn -naverno napishesh -you would write, jazar -naverno napishet -he would write.
1.5.Also in the Kazakh language there is a whole system of auxiliary verbs which, being combined with the main verb, express the specified grammatical concepts.
The system of auxiliary verbs developed in the Kazakh language on the basis of frequent application of phrases for expression of difficult ideas (Mamanov 2007) For expression of action with all its features, for example: Alyp baryp ber -to carry (word for word -take, go and give).
As show literal translations of these combinations, the action in them spread out to components, each of which is expressed by a particular verb.
Structure of English sentence I have seen the new film is more similar to structure of Kazakh sentence -Men jana filmdi korgen edim (I have seen the new film).As we noticed in the previous example, the perfect of a verb is we can find in the Kazakh language korgen edim -have seen, korip edim -watched.(Bondarko, 1962).
In the Kazakh language some difficult forms of a verb except meanings given them by presence of auxiliary verbs express depending on the meaning of combined verbs of a certain phase of action -the beginning, the middle, the end of action, etc., and each of these phases of action is expressed by a certain complicated form of a verb which was created as a result of its long use (Sauranbayev 1944;Zhanpeisova, 2003).

Discussion
1.1.Some phases of action are expressed also by special forms of phrases in which either the special form of an adverbial participle is used (-galy), or particular auxiliary verb (dep) is used.There are six such complicated forms in the Kazakh language; They express: 1 phase -readiness for action commission, 2 phase -adaptations to action commission, 3 phase -beginning of actions, 4 phase -commission (course) of action, 5 phase -before completion of action, 6 phase -completion of action.
Perfect group tenses in English expresses the action made by a certain moment in real, past or future.In Russian to these tenses refer tenses of a verb of perfective or imperfective aspect, depending on sentence meaning.
The analytical verbal form in the Kazakh language expresses aspect of verbs depending on the meaning of the combined verbs, and also adverbial participle forms.Of category of aspect in Turkic languages there are separate observations.Professor A. K. Borovkov in "The textbook of the Uigur language" notes the following aspects of verbs in the Uigur language: repeated, perfect and imperfect.Recurrence in the present is expressed by the form produced from the involved future for -ar//-еr, and in past tense -from the same form in its combination to an auxiliary verb in past tense: keler (will come), keler edi (would come).A correlative form to a repeated aspect is the single or uncertain and multiple aspect.The prof.Y.Mamanov carries all forms of the present to uncertain multiply aspect (Mamanov 2007).*** Perfective aspect is expressed by difficult verbal form -a combination of the main verb in the form of an adverbial participle with the termination on -p with auxiliary verbs in the final form: chkip keldi (entered), chkip ketty (left), etc.These verbs also have the same meaning in the Kazakh language shygyp keldi (entered, literally left, came), shygyp ketti (left, literally left, went away).
Professor N. T. Sauranbayev in the work "Semantics and Functions of Adverbial Participles in the Kazakh Language" (Sauranbayev, 1944) writes: "The Kazakh, and also other Turkic verbs are not expressed aspectual shades.Therefore formation of categories of complicated verbs is the use of category of aspect.
1.2.Adverbial participles as a part of a complicated verb are a form of expression of an aspect".And it divides types of verbs on: 1) finished, 2) long, 3) the uncertain.
It carries a complicated verb in which the main verb is in the form of an adverbial participle with ending -p; for example, juryp ket -leave, toktap kal -stop.
The complicated verb in which the main verb is in the form of an adverbial participle with ending -a (-e, -i) also belongs to a long type: ustay kal -grab, bastay ber -begin, koia koy -stop.
The complicated verb in which the main verb is in the form of an adverbial participle with ending -galy belongs to an uncertain aspect (-gelі, -kaly, -kelі): aitkaly otyr -wants to tell satkaly jur -is going to sell etc.
A verb of a bashla (to begin), being combined with the adverbial participle ending -a (-e, -i) from any verb, makes a beginning aspect (yoroi bashlanyn -you began to go).
The long aspect expresses an action or a state in relation to its continuation, i.e. shows action process in the line of ascent between two opposite points -the beginning and the end.It is expressed either by combination of the main verb in the form of an adverbial participle with an auxiliary verb or by means of accession to a basis of certain affixesngkire//-ngkhyra, -khyla, -gyla.
If the auxiliary verb which is combined with the main verb in the form of an adverbial participle with the terminationp, means the final moment of action (bot -to come to an end, boter -to terminate, etc.), it expresses the finished aspect: aptyrap bote -it is finally lost, tozep boterzek -we built, etc.
From these statements of turkologists we see that types of verbs in Turkic languages are expressed by analytical verbal forms, i.e. combinations of verbs with various auxiliary verbs.In Russian aspect meanings are expressed by means of prefixes and affixes: zapit -zapivat (to wash down), smotret -posmotret (to look), etc.In the Kazakh language, as well as in other Turkic languages, types of verbs differ from types of verbs in Russian.
In the Kazakh language verbal bases, if they are simple or complex, i.e. consisting of a name and an auxiliary verb, unlike verbal bases of Russian express other relation to completeness (perfect) and incompleteness (imperfect) of an action.Verbal bases in the form of adverbial participles, being combined with auxiliary verbs, depending on the meaning of the combined verbs, as well as forms of adverbial participles express course of the action designated by a verb, its incompleteness and display throughout time (discontinuous or continuous, display of an action in the end or the beginning of an end) or, on the contrary, its completeness, single-stage or suddenness of display.(Blokh 1983).
The phrase 'slippered ease' has no direct compliance in the Russian and Kazakh languages.In the description of the same segment of the objective world the Russian statement mentions different signs ("sitting" and "enjoying"), and what is mentioned in the English statement, expresses by means of other words.Reception of metonymy is already applied to their search -the concept of a dressing gown is adjacent in relation to the concept 'slippers' (bedroomslippers).Finding the word 'rest' helps the following metonimic chain: "the feeling lightness" (ease) is a consequence, and the "condition of rest" causing this feeling -the reason.
When Emily had grabbed the manuscript her only intention was to read the book.-Baspada Emilia kholzhazbaga bir gana muddemen bas saldy (translation into kazakh).-V izdatelstve Emilia brosilas k rukopisi s odnim namereniemprochitatt io.
Here English and Russian verbs in essence designate two phases of one process: had grabbed -its end, and rushed -the beginning (rushed and grabbed).As we notice, in the Kazakh language completeness of a verb bas saldy (grabbed) -is more similar to English structure.The analysis of using more than 100 analytical forms of tense of a verb in English and Kazakh languages allows to draw a conclusion that productive use of analytical forms in the Kazakh and English languages is the result of structural features of tense categories and a type of English and Kazakh languages.

Conclusions
Results of the conducted research on creation of model of grammatical means of temporality expression in translation from English into Kazakh and Russian languages, allows to draw the following conclusions: 1.In a choice of translation of transformations of aspectual-temporal categories of a verb from English into Kazakh and Russian languages it is considered not only grammatical compliance of tense categories, but also the contextual use of a functional and semantic field of verbs, comparison of lexical temporality with positions of concepts, specific to each language picture of the world, with positions of modern philosophy and logic of language.
Resulted from existence of special forms of "temporal correlation" of an action in English two ways of designating action in the past: simple form of past and form of perfect of the present.It resulted in need of their differentiation to some additional sign.In particular, the simple past connects action with some concrete time in the past (Abramov 1966).Indexes like yesterday, last year or a context of a consecutive chain that indicate communication of all actions with the same concrete piece of the past tense.The form of perfect of the present is used in the indication of uncertain last time (never, ever, often, once, just, yet, already, before) i.e. when it is reported only that fact that action happened somewhere before the speech moment (it isn't specified, when) and by that it is connected (on precedence) with the present moment.As it is obvious that such distinction is not always rather accurate, and quite often it is insignificant for display of last situation, the tendency to rapprochement and mutual substitution of these two forms which are noted in language in the speech is natural.
2. Comparison of a phase of actions of a verb in English and Kazakh languages allows creation of reference model of grammatical means of expression of temporality in translation from English into Kazakh and Russian languages on the basis of a functional and semantic field of verbs, comparison of lexical temporality from positions specific to each language picture of the world.