Typological Analysis of the Yakut and German Polysemantic Verbs KEL and KOMMEN

The analysis of language semantics of the polysemantic verbs kel and kommen of the modern Yakut and German languages brings us to the domain of concepts. Interest in typological studies of languages, in particular, in comparative studies of concept structure of polysemantic verbs has increased thanks to cognitive linguistics which is currently the most intensively developing field of linguistics. The direct nominative meaning of the Yakut verb kel and the German kommen reflects the main components of the concept structure that can be assigned to the concept core: object, operation, result. The purpose of this paper is the typological analysis of lexicographic codification of the phenomenon of polysemy in various languages of the Turkic and German language families. The study is of complex character; to reveal universal and specific ethnic-cultural features of compared Yakut and German linguistic units we used the inductive-deductive method, i.e. theoretical conclusions result from the analysis of practical material. Using the component analysis, lexical units were separated into smallest meaningful parts. Distributive method was used to analyze actualization of meanings of the Yakut and German polysemantic verbs ‘kel’ and ‘kommen’ in context. The typological analysis was invoked to reveal ethnic specifics of compared Yakut and German polysemantic verbs. The polysemantic verbs kel and kommen share the following concepts through subject: ‘man’, ‘animal’, ‘time’, ‘artifact’, ‘emotional-physical state’, and ‘abstract notion’. All concepts given above, 15 lexico-semantic variants, 2 grammatical meanings of the polysemantic word kel and 18 meanings of the verb kommen are represented and codified according to all lexicographic rules and requirements in the Great Academic Dictionary of the Yakut Language and the Great German-Russian Dictionary that are an inexhaustible source for further research into comparative and typological linguistics. Illustration material was taken from the 5th volume of the bilingual (Yakut-Russian) Great Academic Dictionary of the Yakut Language (2008) and the Great German-Russian Dictionary (2000). The present paper is devoted to typological research of the Yakut and German polysemantic verbs ‘kel’ and ‘kommen’ as the analysis of not only related but non-related languages as well reveals both ethnic specific and universal features. The problem of interaction between language and culture is of particular interest at a period of extending international contacts, intense interchange between different ethnic groups, combining focus on ethno-cultural values, tolerance, and capacity for inter-cultural communication.


Introduction
Interest in typological studies of languages, in particular, in comparative studies of concept structure of polysemantic verbs has increased due to the currently most intensively developing field of cognitive linguistics.The analysis of language semantics of the polysemantic verbs kel and kommen of the modern Yakut and German languages brings us to the domain of concepts.
The purpose of this paper is the typological analysis of lexicographic codification of the phenomenon of polysemy in various languages of the Turkic and German language families.The object of this paper, the polysemantic verb kel of the Yakut language, is compared to the polysemantic verb kommen of the German language for the first time based on the analysis of concept structure of the verbs under consideration.
Illustration material was taken from the 5 th volume of the bilingual (Yakut-Russian) Great Academic Dictionary of the Yakut Language (2008) and the Great German-Russian Dictionary (2000).The present paper is devoted to typological research of the Yakut and German polysemantic verbs 'kel' and 'kommen' as the analysis of not only related but nonrelated languages as well reveals both ethnic specific and universal features.

Flourishing Creativity & Literacy
To interpret functional actualization it is necessary to return to the structure of knowledge behind a language unit.The direct nominative meaning of the verb kel and kommen reflects the main components of the concept structure that may be attributed to the concept core: object, operation, result.Distributive method was used to analyze actualization of meanings of the Yakut and German polysemantic verbs 'kel' and 'kommen' in context.For the polysemantic verbs kel and kommen, participants of the situation of action expressed by subject are of main interest as the paradigmatic meaning of the verbs reflects the main components of the concept structure through subject.The study of one of the main components of the concept structure of object revealed the following concepts: man, proper name, artifact, natural phenomenon, toponym, mental action, abstract notion.All concepts given above, 15 lexico-semantic variants, 2 grammatical meanings of the polysemantic word kel and 18 meanings of the verb kommen are represented and codified according to all lexicographic rules and requirements in the Great Academic Dictionary of the Yakut Language and the Great German-Russian Dictionary that are an inexhaustible source for further research into comparative and typological linguistics.

Methods
The research results may serve as the basis for filling lacunas in typological studies of Yakut and German are of interest for further research into other layers of compared languages as well as comparative-historical and typological perspective of studying linguistic phenomena.
The study is of complex character; to reveal universal and specific ethnic-cultural features of compared Yakut and German linguistic units we used the inductive-deductive method, i.e. theoretical conclusions result from the analysis of practical material.Using the component analysis, lexical units were separated into smallest meaningful parts.
The polysemantic verbs 'kel' and 'kommen' were analyzed using dictionaly definitions recorded in 5 th Volume of the Great Academic Dictionary of the Yakut Language and the Great German-Russian Dictionary.Distributive method was used to analyze actualization of meanings of the Yakut and German polysemantic verbs 'kel' and 'kommen' in context.The typological analysis was invoked to reveal ethnic specifics of compared Yakut and German polysemantic verbs.
The purpose of this paper is the typological analysis of lexicographic codification of the phenomenon of polysemy in various languages of the Turkic and German language families.The object of this paper, the polysemantic verb kel of the Yakut language, is compared to the polysemantic verb kommen of the German language for the first time based on the analysis of concept structure of the verbs under consideration.
The verbs kel and kommen are grouped into the verbs of motion according to their semantics and they are semantically productive.Difference in codification of polysemantic verbs in lexicography of the modern Yakut language and polysemantic verbs of the modern German language can be explained by the fact that words in the Great Academic Dictionary of the Yakut Language (2008) are illustrated by examples from folklore, literary, and journalistic texts, etc., whereas the Great German-Russian Dictionary (2000) provides only expressions and analytical patterns.As a consequence, examples to the polysemantic verb kel are given in the Yakut language almost unabridged.
The polysemantic verb kel is represented in the fifth volume of the Great Academic Dictionary of the Yakut Language (further, GADYL) by 15 lexical and 2 grammatical meanings.The verb of motion kommen is represented in the Great German-Russian Dictionary (further, GGRD) by 18 meanings.The present paper provides concept analysis of the illustrative material of all meanings of the verbs kel and kommen.
For the polysemantic verbs kel and kommen, participants of the situation of action expressed by subject are of main interest as the paradigmatic meaning of the verbs reflects the main components of the concept structure through subject.Both animate and inanimate beings (human, animal, mechanical means, etc.)The concept analysis of the structure of the polysemantic verb kel through the subject revealed the following relevant concepts: man, animal, time, natural phenomenon, artifact, smell, sound, knowledge, physical state, physiological state, mental state, emotional state, abstract notion.
To interpret functional actualization it is necessary to return to the structure of knowledge behind a language unit.The direct nominative meaning of the verb kel reflects the main components of the concept structure that may be attributed to the concept core: object, operation, result.

Objects:
Остуолга - Оҕонньорго -to the old man: Оҕонньорго сыл тахсар аhа кэллэ.-A year's stock of foo comes to the old man.
Аакка -to that glory: Саха норуота маннык аакка бэйэтин тулуурдаах сыратын түмүгэр кэлбитэ.-The people of Sakha came to that glory as a result of their tenacity and endurance.
The study of one of the main components of the concept structure of object revealed the following concepts: man, proper name, artifact, natural phenomenon, toponym, mental action, abstract notion.
The operational analysis of the concept kel revealed the following types of physical activity:  2. The main components of the concept structure of the polysemantic verb kel result from actualization of functional action that is illustrated in the use of verb in the past tense: It should be noted that analysis of actualization of the polysemantic verbs kel demonstrated the use of the verb kel with negative meaning along with the given examples with positive semantics, e.g.: Yрүҥ күн сырдыга биhиэхэ тыкпатаҕа, оттор уоппут сылааһа биһиэхэ кэлбэтэҕэ.-Sunlight didn't come to us, warmth of the fire didn't reach us.Бу дойдуттан сааhыгар аҕыс уон бугултан ордук кэлбэтэҕэ.
-As much as I remember, more that eighty haycocks have never come from this ground.Кинилэр өр кэпсэттилэр да, ханнык да быhаарыыга кэлбэтилэр.-They had been talking for a long time but didn't come to any conclusion.The examples demonstrate that the dominant tense of the verb kommen is also the present tense followed by the past and the future tense.

Conclusion
In this paper, polysemy is considered in the light of concept processes found in semantic structure of the polysemantic verbs kel'come' in modern Yakut and kommen 'come' in modern German.Illustration material was taken from the 5 th volume of the bilingual (Yakut-Russian) Great Academic Dictionary of the Yakut Language ( 2008) and the Great German-Russian Dictionary (2000).The present paper is devoted to typological research of the Yakut and German polysemantic verbs 'kel' and 'kommen' as the analysis of not only related but non-related languages as well reveals both ethnic specific and universal features.
Thus, the concept analysis of the polysemantic verbs of motion kel and kommen through subject demonstrated that quantitatively the verb kel possesses a more extensive palette of reflection of the picture of the world by man in comparison to the verb kommen,where as the study of one of the main components of the concept structure of object revealed 5 concepts of the verb kel and 3 of the verb kommen.
All concepts given above, 15 lexico-semantic variants, 2 grammatical meanings of the polysemantic word keland 18 meanings of the verb kommen are represented and codified according to all lexicographic rules and requirements in the Great Academic Dictionary of the Yakut Language and the Great German-Russian Dictionary that are an inexhaustible source for further research into comparative and typological linguistics.The problem of interaction between language and culture is of particular interest at a period of extending international contacts, intense interchange between different ethnic groups, combining focus on ethno-cultural values, tolerance, and capacity for inter-cultural communication.

I
directed about the starting and terminal point: Ыраахтааҕыттан киhиэхэ эрэ мэтээл кэлбэт.-A medal does not just come to a man from the tsar.Аармыйаҕа сылдьар кыра уолуттан сурук кэлэн тоhуйбут.-A letter from his youngest son serving in army is coming to him.2) Motion directed about the terminal point: Көмө күүппэтэх сирбиттэн кэлбитэ.-Help came from unexpected side.B. Character of motion (speed, object location, way of motion, etc.): Сөмөлүөтүнэн кэллим.-Came by plane.directed about the starting and terminal point: Сэмэн Уйбаанабыс туран остуолга кэллэ.-Having risen, Semen Ivanovich comes to the table.
[Ынах эмиийиттэн] туох да кэлбэт.-Nothing is coming [from the cow's udder].Аҕам аах сүөhүлэрэ кэлбэккэ дьадайан испиттэрэ.-My father's livestock didn't increase (come) and he started growing poorer."Кэлбэт ыал,диир норуот номоҕо, -Иирсээннээх буолааччы өрүүтүн".-Family will not come out, they say about people always quarrelling with each other.Examples show that the major tense of the verb kel is the present tense expressing an action occurring at the time of speaking.Along with the present tense there are examples with the past and future tense.Let us proceed to the concept analysis of the motion verb kommen in the modern German language.The subject analysis of the polysemantic verb kommen revealed the following animate and inanimate beings as subject: Er -He: Er kommt wie gerufen.-He came right on time.Der Brief -Letter: Der Brief kommt und kommt nicht.-The letter has not come yet.Die Zeitungen -Newspapers: Die Zeitungen kommen regelmaessig.-The newspapers come regularly.Ich -I: Wie komme ich dahin?-How can I come there?Ich -I: Wie komme ich von hier aus nach Potsdam?-How can I come to Potsdam from here?Der Ball -Ball: Der Ball kommt ins Spiel.-The ball comes into the game (football).Er -He: Er kam beim Lesen an diese Stelle.-He came to this place while reading.Ich -I: Ich komme gerade von ihm.-I've just come from him.Wir -We: Wann kommen wir an die Reihe?-When will our turn come?Das Beispiel -Example: Jetzt kommt ein Beispiel.-Now an example comes.Moskau -Moscow: Moskau kommt auf Langwelle.-Moscow can be picked up on low-frequency waves.Die Knospen -Buds: Bald kommen die Knospen.-Soon (on trees) buds will come.Der Gedanke -Thought: Ein Gedanke kam ihm.-A thought came to him.Die Bedenken -Doubts: Die Bedenken kamen ihm.-He came to doubts.Die Klage -Complaint: Keine Klage kam ueber seine Lippen.-He never came to a complaint.Die Traenen -tears: Die Traenen kamen Ihr.-The tears came to her.Der Winter -Winter: Der Winter kommt.-Winter is coming.Der Tag -Day: Der Tag wird kommen.-That day will come.Das Stuendlein -Hour: Das letzte Stuendlein kommt.-The last hour (death) is coming.Ich -I: Das sah ich schon lange.-I've seen it coming for a long time.The last hour (death) is coming.Dieses Buch kommt in den Schrank.-This book comes to the bookcase.Da kommt er gegangen.-Here he comes.B. Undirected motion: Keine Klage kam ueber seine Lippen.-He has never come to a complaint.Das sah ich schon lange kommen.-I've seen it coming for a long time.Ich kann nicht auf den Namen kommen.-I cannot come (remember) to the name.Das kommt mir unerwartet.-This comes unexpected to me.Das kommt mir sehr gelegen.-It is (comes) very opportunely for me.Ein Unglueck kam ueber ihn.-Misfortune came over him.Wie kommen Sie darauf?-How did you come to this? Jetzt komme ich darauf.-Now I come, now I remember.II.Movement: A. Directed movement: 1) Movement directed about the terminal point: Die Zeitungen kommen regelmaessig.-The newspapers come regularly.Wann kommen wir an die Reihe?-When our turn comes?Der Artikel kommt in die nachste Nummer der Zeitschrift.-Thearticle is to come to the next issue of the magazine.Die Sachen kamen oben zu liegen.-The belongings came to be on top.The following types of motion and movement are lacking in the polysemantic verb kommen: 1. Motion directed about the starting point.2. Motion directed about the intermediate point.3. Movement directed about the starting point.4. Undirected movement.5. Circular and rotatory movements.The core of the concept 'operation' is expressed in terms of tense by verbs of the present, past, and future tense: Present tense: Die Zeitungen kommen regelmaessig.-The newspapers come regularly.Ich komme gerade von ihm.-I've just come from him.Wie komme ich dahin?-How can I come there?Wie komme ich von hier aus nach Potsdam?-How can I come to Potsdam from here?Der Ball kommt ins Spiel.-The ball comes into the game (football).Jetzt kommt ein Beispiel.-Now an example comes.Moskau kommt auf Langwelle.-Moscow comes on low-frequency waves.Der Winter kommt.-Winter is coming.Das letzte Stuendlein kommt.-The last hour (death) is coming.Das kommt mir sehr gelegen.-It is (comes) very opportunely for me.Ich komme nicht dazu.-I cannot come to it.Dieses Buch kommt in den Schrank.-This book comes to the bookcase.Da kommt er gegangen.-Here he comes.Er kommt wieder mit alten Geschichten.-He is coming to the old again.So muesst du mir nicht kommen.-You cannot come this way with me! Kommst du mir so? -How do you come with me?Es kommt auf jeden hundert Mark.-A hundred Mark comes for each.Wie kommen Sie darauf?-How did you come to this? Jetzt komme ich darauf.-Now I come, now I remember.Ich kann nicht auf den Namen kommen.-I cannot come (remember) to the name.Kommt Zeit, kommt Rat.-Comes time, comes advice.Past Tense: Bedenken kamen ihm.-He came to doubts.Keine Klage kam ueber seine Lippen.-He never came to a complaint.Er kam beim Lesen an diese Stelle.-He came to this place while reading.Ein Gedanke kam ihm.-A thought came to him.Keine Klage kam ueber seine Lippen.-He never came to a complaint.Das sah ich schon lange.-I've seen it coming for a long time.Ein Unglueck kam ueber ihn.-Misfortune came to him.Es kam zu Streitigkeiten.-It has come to the quarrel.Die Sachen kamen oben zu liegen.-The belongings came to be on top.Die Verehrer der leichten Muse kamen auch auf ihre Kosten.-The admirers of light entertainment came to satisfaction as well.Future Tense: Wann kommen wir an die Reihe?-When will our turn come?Der Tag wird kommen.-That day will come.Bald kommen die Knospen.-Soon (on trees) buds will come.Der Tag wird kommen.-That day will come.Der Artikel kommt in die nachste Nummer der Zeitschrift.-The article is to come to the next issue of the magazine.So lasse ich mir nicht kommen.-I'll not let anybody come this way with me! Damit kommst du nicht weit bei mir.-This way you'll come to nothing with me.
can be subject of motion in these verbs.First, let us analyze in detail the subject of the polysemantic verb kel illustrated in GADYL: Сөмөлүөтүнэн кэллим.-Came by plane.The subject is not represented verbally but expressed by the first Person Singular ending of the predicate.Сэмэн Уйбаанабыс -Semen Ivanovich: Сэмэн Уйбаанабыс туран остуолга кэллэ.-Having risen, Semen Ivanovich comes to the table.Биһиги таанкаларбыт лүһүгүрэһэн кэллилэр.-Our tanks are coming with the thunder.Түүн үөһүн саҕана аҕалара кэллэ.-Late at night father comes.Кини Монголияҕа кэлбитэ ыраатта.-He long ago came to Mongolia.Саас кэлэн, хаар ууллан, чалбахтар тахсаллар.-Spring comes, snow melts, pools appear.